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Bloodless Medicine Resources
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- Hematological Agents (stimulate blood cell growth and development)
- Synthetic Erythropoietin: also known as PROCRIT, EPOGEN, or "EPO"; this medication stimulates the patients own bone marrow to produce red blood cells;
- Synthetic Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor: also known as also known as Neupogen or G-CSF; this medication stimulates the bone marrow to produce neutrophils, a specific infection-fighting white blood
- Synthetic Interleukin-11: this medication stimulates the bone marrow to produce platelets
- Hemostatic agents (promote clotting; can be given intravenously or applied topically)
- Aminocaproic Acid and Tranexamic Acid - medications given intravenously which slow or stop the breakdown of blood clots
- Medical and surgical techniques
- Controlled Hypotension/Hypotensive anesthesia: intentional and controlled lowering of blood pressure reduces bleeding by decreasing pressure on injured blood vessels and causing less disruption of newly formed clots
- Arterial Embolization: therapeutic introduction of either mechanical or chemical agents into blood vessels to occlude them. In emergencies, embolization can control active bleeding from a lacerated artery. This intervention may avoid general anesthesia and major surgery (postpartum hemorrhage, uterine fibroids, gastro-intestinal bleeding)
- Blood conservation devices and equipment (devices which promote clotting)
- Electrocautery: a probe heated by electric current which cauterizes capillary vessels and small arteries during surgical procedures
- Harmonic Scalpel: a scalpel that uses sound waves to seal tissue as it cuts, used during surgery on vascular organs, such as the spleen or liver
- Argon Beam Coagulator: a device which uses argon gas to coagulate blood vessels to lessen bleeding
- Minimally invasive surgery (performed with specialized devices designed to use small incisions, minimizing blood loss; bleeding or other problems can be located, diagnosed, and treated without conventional open surgery)
- Endoscopy: using a flexible tube-like device a visual examination of the interior of the stomach, intestines, and other body cavities is possible
- Laparoscopy: using a tube-like device abdominal structures can be visualized through a small "keyhole" incision
- Volume Expanders: Intravenous fluids enhance the circulation of the patient’s own blood by maintaining adequate volume
- Laboratory sampling: Minimal volumes of blood samples are obtain for laboratory analysis
- Intra-operative blood salvage (“Cell-saver”): The patient’s own blood in recovered, filtered, and returned during surgery
- Hemodilution: At the start of the surgical procedure some of the patient’s own blood is diverted through a closed circuit while intravenous fluids are given to replace blood volume. This technique dilutes the patients’ blood and reduces the amounts of blood cells and clotting factors lost during surgery
- Oximetry: This is a non-invasive monitoring of the oxygen level of blood
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